In December 2020, then President Donald J. Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA) into law. Included in the 1,067-page bill was Section BB, Title I, the No Surprises Act (NSA), which established new protections for patients against surprise bills in certain emergency and nonemergency situations. The NSA also created new processes for adjudicating payment disputes between payers and providers when out-of-network care is provided.